Power Plant Guruji

   Essential Qualities Of Protection Speed Protective relaying should disconnected a faulty element as quickly as possible. Principal Reasons: Improves power system stability Decreases the amount of damage incurred Decreases the outage time for power consumer Decreases the possibility of severe fault in the up - stream Selectivity Selectivity is the ability of the protective system to determine the point at which the fault occurs by selecting the proper type of protective relay. This gives trip command to the nearest circuit breakers for cleaning the fault and no damage the system. Sensitivity  Sensitivity of a protective scheme refers to the smallest value of actuating quantity at which the protection start operating in relation with the minimum value of fault current in the protection zone. Reliability Reliability means trustworthiness. The relay should not fail to operate in the event of fault in the protective zone. It should not operate unnecessarily without sensing any fault. Sim

   What is power system protection Power-system protection is a branch of electrical power engineering. It deals with the protection of electrical power system from fault. The objective of a protection scheme is to keep  the power system stable by isolating only the componets that are under fault. The device that are  used to protect the power system from the faults are called protection device Basic Idea Of Protection Relay - Why , What and How ? Power System Protection  Why ? A good electric power system should ensure the availability of electrical power with out any interruption to every load connected to it. What ? Generally power is transmitted through high voltage transmission line and lines are exposed. Therefore, there may be chances of their breakdown due to strom, falling of external objects, and damage to the insulators, etc. These can result not only mechanical damage but also in an electrical fault. Protective relays and relaying systems detects abnormal conditions like fa

Pump introduction What is a pump ? Rotating machine which transfer liquid from one place to another or from lower level to higher level. It convert mechanical energy into hydraulic energy. Adds engery to the liquid so as transfer liquid. Adds engery to the liquid so as to transfer liquid : From one elevation to desired elevation by increasing potential energy. Against rsistance at reciver end against resistance in piping system With a desired flow velocity Functions of pump Mechanical energy to Hydraulic energy Kinetic energy Pressure energy Potential energy A pump does not create pressure, it only provides flow. Pressure is a just an indication of the amount of resistance to flow. Types of pump 1.Positive displacement pump 2.Non positive displacement pump Non positive displacement pump 1.jet pump 2.centrifugal pump Positive displacement pump 1.Rotary pump 2.Reciprocating pump Rotary pump 1.Gear pump 2.Lobe pump 3.Screw pump 4.Vane pump Reciprocating pump 1.Piston pump 2.Diaphargam pum

 A lubricant is a substance placed between two mating surfaces in order to separate them by a thin film reducing the intensity of friction & ensuring a smooth operation.  PURPOSE OF LUBRICANT  1. To reduce friction  2. To prevent wear  3. To prevent adhesion  4. To prevent Corrosion (rust)  5. To cool the moving elements.  6. To cool the surfaces by washing away the metal particles resulting from wear.  7. To ensure a speedy & noiseless operation.  8. To extend the overhaul & services life of the machine.  9. To aid sealing in bearing against the entrance of dirt/ dust.  10. Sometimes as in hydraulic equipments the lubricant actually serves to transmit power one part to another part.  11. To carry away heat generated by friction  12. To reset oxidation  13. To add in distributing the load Mineral Oil: - Mineral oils are mostly used for engine & m/c lubrication as they are cheap & durable.  They are complex mixture of hydrocarbons & are obtained from fractional d

 DETERMINATION OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN WATER. Procedure   1.Narrow mouth ground glass stoppered dust proof  test tube of capacity 60 ml. 2.Pipette capacity 10 ml. Indigo Carmine Solution - Dissolve 0.0108 gm of indigo carmine and 0.12 gm of dextrose in 3.0 ml of demineralized water. When completely dissolved add 45 ml. of glycerol. This reagent is stable for two weeks only. Pottasium Hydroxide – 5 gm KOH (Pottasium Hydroxide) is dissolved in 10ml of demineralised water. About half an hour before testing for dissolved oxygen add 20ml of the indigo carmine solution as prepared in the 20.2 and 5 ml of KOH to a small beaker. The solution will change colour from deep red to a lemon yellow in about 15 minutes and then it is ready for use. Collect the sample through the cooler filled with ice on the spot by overflowing the sample from the test tube for about 5 minutes. After sufficient volume of water has passed through the test tube immediately remove the test tube and insert the pipette fil

 ANALYSIS OF SULPHATE IN WATER Standard E.D.T.A. - (.01M) :  Dissolve 3.7274 gm of disodium slat of ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic Acid  (EDTA), after drying at 80 c for 1 hour, in 1000 ml of de-ionised water and mix well. Hydrochloric Acid (1:24) : Mix one part of con. Hydrochloric Acid and 24 parts of the de-ionised water. Sulphate Buffer :  Mix 113 ml of ammonium hydroxide, 8.252 gm of ammonium chloride, 7.44 gm of E.D.T.A. and 4.060 gm of magnesium chloride (mg Cl2. 6H2O) and make up the volume to 1000 ml with de-ionised water. Sulphate indicator :  Mix 0.5 gm of Eriochome Black T or Solochrome Black and 100 gm. of sodium chloride and grind thoroughly. Take 25 ml. of water sample in a 250 ml. conicle flask. Add 1cc of 1:24 Hydrocloric Acid and boil. Add 15 ml of barium chloride (0.01M) and boil well to precipitate all sulphate in water as barium sulphate. Cool the flask. Take 10 ml. of de-ionised water in a 500 ml flask and add 5 drops of sulphate buffer and a pinch of sulphate

Analysis of co2 in degaser N/50 NaOH: 20 cc of N/1 NaOH is diluted to 1000 cc with demineralised water. Standarise it against N.50 H2SO4. 10 cc of N/50 NAoH should consume 10 cc of N/50 H2SO4 using phelophthalein indicator.  Prepare Phenolphthelin and Methyl orange indicators. as per 7.13 and 7.14 of the work instruction No. SSC/I&T/007/001 for the determination of P and M alkalinity. In two 250 ml conical flasks take 100 cc of the water sample to be tested separately. In the first flask add three drops of phenolphthelein indicator and titrate against N/.50 NaOH note the reading (A). In the 2nd flask add 3 drops of methyle orange indicator and titrate against N/50 NaOH and note the reading (B). Calculation :  (B - A) x 8.8 = CO2 presents in ppm (parts per million) in the sample. ANALYSIS OF HYDRAZINE IN WATER  Dissolve 0.328 gm of Hydrazine dihydrochloride (N2H4 2HCl) in 100 ml of D.M. water (demineralised water) add 10 ml of HCl (SP Gr 1.19) and dilute to 1 litre in a flask and mi

Ammonium Molybdate Solution  (I) Add 2 ml of conc. H2SO4 (Sulphuric acid) carefully to 100 ml of demineralised water. (ii) Dissolve 25 gms of ammonium molybdate in 100 cc of demineralised water. Mix (i) and (ii) and make up the volume to 333 ml. 10% Oxalic Acid: Dissolve 25 gm of oxalic acid in 250 ml of demineralised water. A.N.S. Solution : i)Take 3.5 gm of sodium sulphite in a dry mortar and add 0.375 gm        1- Amino - 2 naphthol 4- sulphonic acid (A.N.S.) to it and grind well. Mix this in 50 ml of demineralised water  ii)Add 22.5 of sodium sulphite to 200 ml demineralised water and mix well. Mix solutions (i) and (ii) . Take 50 ml water sample in a 100 ml beaker. Add 2 ml of Ammonium molydate solution prepared (as in 6.1) wait for 2 minutes . Add 4 ml of oxalic acid (6.2) and 1 ml of A.N.S. solution (6.3) without any time gap. Without any time gap. Wait for 4 minutes. The developed blue colour is matched or measured with the known value of low silica standard developed in

DM PLANT PROCESS  De-mineralization is the process of removing all dissolved salts as far as possible. The product of a D.M. (De-mineralisation) plant is almost of the quality of distilled water. The de-mineralisation system consists of one or more ION exchange resin columns which includes a strong cation unit and a strong anion unit. The cation resins exchanges hydrogen for raw water cation as shown by the reactions  The above reactions indicate complete removal of cations and anions from the water, but in reality, these are equilibrium reaction and even with very efficient operation leakage will occur. The leakage will vary according to the demineralizer system used and for any given system, according to the raw water system composition and dimineralizer regenerate level (the amount of acid and caustic used for regenerated). To minimize cation leakage, the exchanger may be regenerated upflow and operated downflow in the service cycle. This insures that the water will pass through the

ANALYSIS OF P & M ALKALINITY OF WATER Preparation of standard solution Sulphuric Acid (N/1) : Mix 115 cc. of AR (Analytical Reagent )grade H2SO4 with demineralised water and make up to 4 litres (2.12 gms of Na2CO3) shall consume 40cc. of N/1 H2SO4). Sulphuric Acid N/50) : Mix 81 cc. of N/1 H2SO4 with demineralised water and dilute to 4 litres (0.0424 gms of Na2CO3 in 50 ml. of water shall consume 40cc. of N/50 H2SO4). Dissolve 2gms. of phenolphthalein indicator in 1000 cc. of methanol. Dissolve 1gm. of Methyl orange indicator in 200c c. of demineralised water. ANALYSIS Take 100 cc. of the water sample to be tested in a 250 cc. conical flask and add three drops of phenolpthalein indicator. If the solution turns red in colour, titrate it with N/50 H2SO4 till it becomes colourless. If the original water sample is colourless after the addition of the indicator, report the P alkalinity as Nil. Calculate the P alkalinity as per the following equation: P Alkalinity in ppm = vol.of N/5

1. Take clearance from control room. Check the valves position and any leakage then go for clearance from control room. Manually check motors earthing and coupling guards position. 2. With all PPEs, operator shall check whether the all gauges and instruments duly calibrated, and manually check that there is no leakage from any gauges. 3. With the help of hook spanner the operator should open the suction line and discharge line vent root valve also its isolating valve partially open.( Open valve 9 & 17 fully and 10 & 18 partially.) 4. Suction filter drain root and isolating valve, suction line drain root and isolating valve, balancing line safety valve vent lever should be closed with the help of their proper tools, with safety. During work one person inspect and show torch light for proper light in work place.( Keep valves 3, 4, 7, 8 & 11 close.) 5. Motorise discharge valve and manual discharge valve will be close from c/r and manually , there should be no leakage d

 COOLING PLANTS AND TOWERS .1 Evaporating Cooling : The atmosphere may be a mixture of air and vapor, in proportions represented by the term wetness. It seldom contains all the vapour it's capable of holding and once it will, its vapour holding capability will be any accumulated by warming it. In any method whereby additional water is volatilised into the air the heat of transformation of evaporation should be provided from some supply. underneath sure conditions this supply will be internal energy of the liquid water from that the vapour is being made. What liquid stay when the vapour has befell is found to be significantly cooled. The practical application of this to the ability plant or associate industrial advanced is puzzled out {in a|during a|in associate exceedingly|in a very} cooling equipment that is meant to reveal an oversized surface of heat water to an air flow, thereby humidifying the air and cooling the remaining water. The different varieties of this equipment ar

  Understanding the term expansion & contraction                            When a body is heated it will expand & when it cooled it contracts. So body expands & deforms when heated & cooled. Change in temperature of a free body causes body to expand & contract without inducing stress. When the deformation of the body is restricted by means of any external force, there will be huge chances of stress induction. Such induced stresses are called temperature stresses. These may be tensile or compressive in nature. Here L = Original length of the steel bar ∆t = Change in metal temperature deg C ɑ = Coefficient of thermal expansion Temperature strain e = Free deformation / Original length = ∆L / L E = L ɑ ∆t / L = ɑ ∆t Temperature stress σ = Young’s modulus X Strain = E X e Temperature stress σ  = E ɑ ∆t Stress induced in a rigid or constrained body P = Force exerted by a rigid support of constraint We have σ  = P / A P = E ɑ ∆t A Expansion in Boilers Boiler is made up of