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 Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy examine the surface changes of anion exchangers. FTIR spectroscopy enables identification of the foulants. FTIR analyses enabled identification of the foulant as humic substances, which accumulated on the beads surface and remained after regeneration. The image analyses helped to observe the changes of beads shapes from smooth and circular to uneven and oval. Related Post : How to calculate suction head in centrifugal pump Top 16 Power System Interview Questions   Boiler Feed Pump (B.F.P) Starting Procedure In Thermal Power Plant Types of Mechanical Seals in Pump  Why pumps are used in parallel and series mode of operations ? What is priming of a centrifugal pump and why it is required  What are the types of pumps | Classification of pumps - interview questions Gland Seal vs. Mechanical Seal  What is the function of volute casing in centrifugal pump? Why & Where the Silica Fouling Occurs in DM plant - Power Pla...

 Organic fouling of an anion exchange resin results from the adsorption of the organics on its surface which block the diffusion of mobile ions inside the resin beads. As a result a decrease in a total capacity is observed. Generally the performance of anion exchangers is determined based on the breakthrough curves and studies of the adsorption kinetics. One of the main problems concerning anion exchange resins is their susceptibility to fouling. The most important foulants of anion exchange resins include colloidal additives, iron and manganese compounds, organic impurities, free chlorine and dissolved oxygen. Each foulants affects the efficiency of the anion exchanger mainly by decreasing its capacity. FTIR spectroscopy is quick and cost-effective method to identify the foulants, to assess degradation and deformation of the ion exchanger and for the determination of functional groups responsible for sorption of specific ions Read More BOE Interview Questions   What are ...

 Silica fouling can occur in strong base anion resins if the regenerant temperature is too low, or in weak base resins if the effluent caustic from the SBA unit used to regenerate the weak base unit contains too much silica. At low pH levels, polymerization of the silica can occur in a weak base resin. It can also be a problem in an exhausted strong base anion resin. Silica fouling is removed by a prolonged soak in warm (120 o F) caustic soda. Related Post : How to calculate suction head in centrifugal pump Top 16 Power System Interview Questions   Boiler Feed Pump (B.F.P) Starting Procedure In Thermal Power Plant Types of Mechanical Seals in Pump  Why pumps are used in parallel and series mode of operations ? What is priming of a centrifugal pump and why it is required  What are the types of pumps | Classification of pumps - interview questions Gland Seal vs. Mechanical Seal  What is the function of volute casing in centrifugal pump?   Power Plant Intervie...

 Why Hcl is more preferred than Sulphuric Acid for regeneration of cation exchanger ?  Ans.  Hydrochloric acid is more efficient than sulphuric acid to regenerate a strongly acidic cation exchange resin.  1. With 50 g HCl per litre of resin, a conversion of 60 % to the H+ form is achieved. With 50 g H2SO4, a conversion of only 40% is achieved. 2. Even expressed as equivalents, hydrochloric acid is more efficient: 36.5 g HCI (1 eq) will convert the resin to 45 %, whereas 49 g H2S04 (1 eq) convert only 39 %. 3. To obtain total conversion, i.e. 100 % in the H+ form, we need about 6.5 eq HCl (240 g/L) but 8 eq H2S04 (400 g/L). Most Important Post : How to calculate suction head in centrifugal pump Water Chemistry Interview Question With Answer  Boiler Feed Pump Interview Question With Answer  Top 16 Power System Interview Questions   Boiler Feed Pump (B.F.P) Starting Procedure In Thermal Power Plant Types of Mechanical Seals in Pump  Why pumps are use...

 DETERMINATION OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN WATER. Procedure   1.Narrow mouth ground glass stoppered dust proof  test tube of capacity 60 ml. 2.Pipette capacity 10 ml. Indigo Carmine Solution - Dissolve 0.0108 gm of indigo carmine and 0.12 gm of dextrose in 3.0 ml of demineralized water. When completely dissolved add 45 ml. of glycerol. This reagent is stable for two weeks only. Pottasium Hydroxide – 5 gm KOH (Pottasium Hydroxide) is dissolved in 10ml of demineralised water. About half an hour before testing for dissolved oxygen add 20ml of the indigo carmine solution as prepared in the 20.2 and 5 ml of KOH to a small beaker. The solution will change colour from deep red to a lemon yellow in about 15 minutes and then it is ready for use. Collect the sample through the cooler filled with ice on the spot by overflowing the sample from the test tube for about 5 minutes. After sufficient volume of water has passed through the test tube immediately remove the test tube and insert t...

 ANALYSIS OF SULPHATE IN WATER Standard E.D.T.A. - (.01M) :  Dissolve 3.7274 gm of disodium slat of ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic Acid  (EDTA), after drying at 80 c for 1 hour, in 1000 ml of de-ionised water and mix well. Hydrochloric Acid (1:24) : Mix one part of con. Hydrochloric Acid and 24 parts of the de-ionised water. Sulphate Buffer :  Mix 113 ml of ammonium hydroxide, 8.252 gm of ammonium chloride, 7.44 gm of E.D.T.A. and 4.060 gm of magnesium chloride (mg Cl2. 6H2O) and make up the volume to 1000 ml with de-ionised water. Sulphate indicator :  Mix 0.5 gm of Eriochome Black T or Solochrome Black and 100 gm. of sodium chloride and grind thoroughly. Take 25 ml. of water sample in a 250 ml. conicle flask. Add 1cc of 1:24 Hydrocloric Acid and boil. Add 15 ml of barium chloride (0.01M) and boil well to precipitate all sulphate in water as barium sulphate. Cool the flask. Take 10 ml. of de-ionised water in a 500 ml flask and add 5 drops of sulphate buffer ...

Analysis of co2 in degaser N/50 NaOH: 20 cc of N/1 NaOH is diluted to 1000 cc with demineralised water. Standarise it against N.50 H2SO4. 10 cc of N/50 NAoH should consume 10 cc of N/50 H2SO4 using phelophthalein indicator.  Prepare Phenolphthelin and Methyl orange indicators. as per 7.13 and 7.14 of the work instruction No. SSC/I&T/007/001 for the determination of P and M alkalinity. In two 250 ml conical flasks take 100 cc of the water sample to be tested separately. In the first flask add three drops of phenolphthelein indicator and titrate against N/.50 NaOH note the reading (A). In the 2nd flask add 3 drops of methyle orange indicator and titrate against N/50 NaOH and note the reading (B). Calculation :  (B - A) x 8.8 = CO2 presents in ppm (parts per million) in the sample. ANALYSIS OF HYDRAZINE IN WATER  Dissolve 0.328 gm of Hydrazine dihydrochloride (N2H4 2HCl) in 100 ml of D.M. water (demineralised water) add 10 ml of HCl (SP Gr 1.19) and dilute to 1 litre in ...

Ammonium Molybdate Solution  (I) Add 2 ml of conc. H2SO4 (Sulphuric acid) carefully to 100 ml of demineralised water. (ii) Dissolve 25 gms of ammonium molybdate in 100 cc of demineralised water. Mix (i) and (ii) and make up the volume to 333 ml. 10% Oxalic Acid: Dissolve 25 gm of oxalic acid in 250 ml of demineralised water. A.N.S. Solution : i)Take 3.5 gm of sodium sulphite in a dry mortar and add 0.375 gm        1- Amino - 2 naphthol 4- sulphonic acid (A.N.S.) to it and grind well. Mix this in 50 ml of demineralised water  ii)Add 22.5 of sodium sulphite to 200 ml demineralised water and mix well. Mix solutions (i) and (ii) . Take 50 ml water sample in a 100 ml beaker. Add 2 ml of Ammonium molydate solution prepared (as in 6.1) wait for 2 minutes . Add 4 ml of oxalic acid (6.2) and 1 ml of A.N.S. solution (6.3) without any time gap. Without any time gap. Wait for 4 minutes. The developed blue colour is matched or measured with the known value of low ...

DM PLANT PROCESS  De-mineralization is the process of removing all dissolved salts as far as possible. The product of a D.M. (De-mineralisation) plant is almost of the quality of distilled water. The de-mineralisation system consists of one or more ION exchange resin columns which includes a strong cation unit and a strong anion unit. The cation resins exchanges hydrogen for raw water cation as shown by the reactions  The above reactions indicate complete removal of cations and anions from the water, but in reality, these are equilibrium reaction and even with very efficient operation leakage will occur. The leakage will vary according to the demineralizer system used and for any given system, according to the raw water system composition and dimineralizer regenerate level (the amount of acid and caustic used for regenerated). To minimize cation leakage, the exchanger may be regenerated upflow and operated downflow in the service cycle. This insures that the water will pass th...

 COOLING PLANTS AND TOWERS .1 Evaporating Cooling : The atmosphere may be a mixture of air and vapor, in proportions represented by the term wetness. It seldom contains all the vapour it's capable of holding and once it will, its vapour holding capability will be any accumulated by warming it. In any method whereby additional water is volatilised into the air the heat of transformation of evaporation should be provided from some supply. underneath sure conditions this supply will be internal energy of the liquid water from that the vapour is being made. What liquid stay when the vapour has befell is found to be significantly cooled. The practical application of this to the ability plant or associate industrial advanced is puzzled out {in a|during a|in associate exceedingly|in a very} cooling equipment that is meant to reveal an oversized surface of heat water to an air flow, thereby humidifying the air and cooling the remaining water. The different varieties of this equipment ar...

1.  What are the sources of Boiler feed water? River, Underground water (bore well), pond water and sea water. 2. What is make up water? Raw water, softened water or demineralised water used for steam generation is generally called as make up water. 3. What are the various impurities present in untreated or natural water? Undissolved suspended materials: mud, sand, sediments etc. Dissolved salts and minerals: Carbonate, bicarbonate, sulphates, silicate and nitrate of calcium & magnesium. Dissolved gases such as oxygen, carbon dioxide. Other minerals, mineral acid (HCL & H 2 SO 4 ) oil and grease. 4. What is condensate water? When the steam transfers its heat to process or heat exchanger, it reverts to liquid phase called condensate. 5. What is blow down water? Part of water that is drained to limit the impurity level to an acceptable level. 6. What is feed water? Feed water is the sum of condensate that is returned from process or heat exchanger and make up water. 7. What i...