Power Plant Guruji

Ammonium Molybdate Solution  (I) Add 2 ml of conc. H2SO4 (Sulphuric acid) carefully to 100 ml of demineralised water. (ii) Dissolve 25 gms of ammonium molybdate in 100 cc of demineralised water. Mix (i) and (ii) and make up the volume to 333 ml. 10% Oxalic Acid: Dissolve 25 gm of oxalic acid in 250 ml of demineralised water. A.N.S. Solution : i)Take 3.5 gm of sodium sulphite in a dry mortar and add 0.375 gm        1- Amino - 2 naphthol 4- sulphonic acid (A.N.S.) to it and grind well. Mix this in 50 ml of demineralised water  ii)Add 22.5 of sodium sulphite to 200 ml demineralised water and mix well. Mix solutions (i) and (ii) . Take 50 ml water sample in a 100 ml beaker. Add 2 ml of Ammonium molydate solution prepared (as in 6.1) wait for 2 minutes . Add 4 ml of oxalic acid (6.2) and 1 ml of A.N.S. solution (6.3) without any time gap. Without any time gap. Wait for 4 minutes. The developed blue colour is matched or measured with the known value of low silica standard developed in

DM PLANT PROCESS  De-mineralization is the process of removing all dissolved salts as far as possible. The product of a D.M. (De-mineralisation) plant is almost of the quality of distilled water. The de-mineralisation system consists of one or more ION exchange resin columns which includes a strong cation unit and a strong anion unit. The cation resins exchanges hydrogen for raw water cation as shown by the reactions  The above reactions indicate complete removal of cations and anions from the water, but in reality, these are equilibrium reaction and even with very efficient operation leakage will occur. The leakage will vary according to the demineralizer system used and for any given system, according to the raw water system composition and dimineralizer regenerate level (the amount of acid and caustic used for regenerated). To minimize cation leakage, the exchanger may be regenerated upflow and operated downflow in the service cycle. This insures that the water will pass through the

ANALYSIS OF P & M ALKALINITY OF WATER Preparation of standard solution Sulphuric Acid (N/1) : Mix 115 cc. of AR (Analytical Reagent )grade H2SO4 with demineralised water and make up to 4 litres (2.12 gms of Na2CO3) shall consume 40cc. of N/1 H2SO4). Sulphuric Acid N/50) : Mix 81 cc. of N/1 H2SO4 with demineralised water and dilute to 4 litres (0.0424 gms of Na2CO3 in 50 ml. of water shall consume 40cc. of N/50 H2SO4). Dissolve 2gms. of phenolphthalein indicator in 1000 cc. of methanol. Dissolve 1gm. of Methyl orange indicator in 200c c. of demineralised water. ANALYSIS Take 100 cc. of the water sample to be tested in a 250 cc. conical flask and add three drops of phenolpthalein indicator. If the solution turns red in colour, titrate it with N/50 H2SO4 till it becomes colourless. If the original water sample is colourless after the addition of the indicator, report the P alkalinity as Nil. Calculate the P alkalinity as per the following equation: P Alkalinity in ppm = vol.of N/5

1. Take clearance from control room. Check the valves position and any leakage then go for clearance from control room. Manually check motors earthing and coupling guards position. 2. With all PPEs, operator shall check whether the all gauges and instruments duly calibrated, and manually check that there is no leakage from any gauges. 3. With the help of hook spanner the operator should open the suction line and discharge line vent root valve also its isolating valve partially open.( Open valve 9 & 17 fully and 10 & 18 partially.) 4. Suction filter drain root and isolating valve, suction line drain root and isolating valve, balancing line safety valve vent lever should be closed with the help of their proper tools, with safety. During work one person inspect and show torch light for proper light in work place.( Keep valves 3, 4, 7, 8 & 11 close.) 5. Motorise discharge valve and manual discharge valve will be close from c/r and manually , there should be no leakage d

 COOLING PLANTS AND TOWERS .1 Evaporating Cooling : The atmosphere may be a mixture of air and vapor, in proportions represented by the term wetness. It seldom contains all the vapour it's capable of holding and once it will, its vapour holding capability will be any accumulated by warming it. In any method whereby additional water is volatilised into the air the heat of transformation of evaporation should be provided from some supply. underneath sure conditions this supply will be internal energy of the liquid water from that the vapour is being made. What liquid stay when the vapour has befell is found to be significantly cooled. The practical application of this to the ability plant or associate industrial advanced is puzzled out {in a|during a|in associate exceedingly|in a very} cooling equipment that is meant to reveal an oversized surface of heat water to an air flow, thereby humidifying the air and cooling the remaining water. The different varieties of this equipment ar

  Understanding the term expansion & contraction                            When a body is heated it will expand & when it cooled it contracts. So body expands & deforms when heated & cooled. Change in temperature of a free body causes body to expand & contract without inducing stress. When the deformation of the body is restricted by means of any external force, there will be huge chances of stress induction. Such induced stresses are called temperature stresses. These may be tensile or compressive in nature. Here L = Original length of the steel bar ∆t = Change in metal temperature deg C ɑ = Coefficient of thermal expansion Temperature strain e = Free deformation / Original length = ∆L / L E = L ɑ ∆t / L = ɑ ∆t Temperature stress σ = Young’s modulus X Strain = E X e Temperature stress σ  = E ɑ ∆t Stress induced in a rigid or constrained body P = Force exerted by a rigid support of constraint We have σ  = P / A P = E ɑ ∆t A Expansion in Boilers Boiler is made up of

Types of valve  Valve is a Mechanical or electromechanical device which is used to control the flow, pressure & temperature of fluid. Generally Globe valve, Gate valves, Butterfly valve, diaphragm valve, needle valve, Non return valves etc used in power plant various applications. The materials which are directly in contact with high pressure & temperature fluid are called trim materials. IBR Valves materials are manufactured according to the ASME class 16.34 B “Y” type globe valves have minimum pressure drop as compared to normal globe valves WCB indicates cast carbon steel, includes the standard A 216 . Used for fluid temperature up to 425 deg C WC-6 indicates Chromium Molybdenum steel, includes the standard A 217. Used for fluid temperature up to 575 deg C WC-9 indicates Cast alloy steel, includes the standard A 217. Used for fluid temperature up to 593 deg C SA 105 indicates forged & SA 182 indicates forged alloy steels Equivalent grades of valves: SA 216 WCB/WCC: SA 10

1.  What are the sources of Boiler feed water? River, Underground water (bore well), pond water and sea water. 2. What is make up water? Raw water, softened water or demineralised water used for steam generation is generally called as make up water. 3. What are the various impurities present in untreated or natural water? Undissolved suspended materials: mud, sand, sediments etc. Dissolved salts and minerals: Carbonate, bicarbonate, sulphates, silicate and nitrate of calcium & magnesium. Dissolved gases such as oxygen, carbon dioxide. Other minerals, mineral acid (HCL & H 2 SO 4 ) oil and grease. 4. What is condensate water? When the steam transfers its heat to process or heat exchanger, it reverts to liquid phase called condensate. 5. What is blow down water? Part of water that is drained to limit the impurity level to an acceptable level. 6. What is feed water? Feed water is the sum of condensate that is returned from process or heat exchanger and make up water. 7. What is a